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Sediment Cap Document

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1 Introduction
2 Capping Overview
2 Capping Overview
2.1 Objectives of Capping
2.2 Chemical Isolation Function
2.3 General Cap Types
2.4 Cap Layers and Composition
2.5 Chemical Isolation Design, Construction, and Monitoring Process
3 Performance Objectives and Design Concepts
3 Performance Objectives and Design Concepts
3.1 Chemical Isolation Performance Targets
3.2 Development of Chemical Isolation Design Criteria
3.3 Chemical Isolation Design Concepts
3.4 Site Characteristics for Chemical Isolation Design
3.5 Design Constraints and Optimization
3.6 Resilience and Sustainability Considerations
3.7 Coordination with Construction and Monitoring Approaches
4 Chemical Isolation Design Data Needs
5 Chemical Isolation Layer Modeling
5 Chemical Isolation Layer Modeling
5.1 Introduction to Modeling Approaches and Tools
5.2 Sediment Processes
5.3 Summary of Available Modeling Tools for Cap Chemical Isolation Design
5.4 Defining Modeling Objectives
5.5 Model Inputs
5.6 Sensitivity and Uncertainty
5.7 Post-Construction Audit
5.8 Model Documentation
6 Chemical Isolation Construction Considerations
6 Chemical Isolation Construction Considerations
6.1 Construction Specifications
6.2 Placement Methods
6.3 Amendment Dosing
6.4 Design and Construction Tolerances
6.5 Site-Specific Factors Affecting Construction
6.6 Construction Quality Control and Quality Assurance Measures
7 Monitoring and Maintenance Objectives and Approaches
7 Monitoring and Maintenance Objectives and Approaches
7.1 Monitoring Phases
7.2 Cap Monitoring Objectives
7.3 Data Quality Considerations
7.4 Cap Performance Monitoring Framework
7.5 Cap Maintenance
8 References
Appendix A. Case Studies
Appendix B. Amendments for Chemical Isolation Layer  
Appendix C.  Chemical Isolation Layer Modeling Data Needs and Collection Methods 
Appendix D. Construction-Related Community Impacts 
Appendix E. Glossary
Appendix F. Acronyms
Acknowledgments
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Sediment Cap Chemical Isolation Guidance
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Appendix A. Case Studies

Case studies presented in this appendix provide an overview of the capping sites that are focused on the chemical isolation of contaminated sediments. Table A-1 presents a list of the case studies summarized in this appendix, which typically include the following information: 

  • site description 
  • site investigation and CSM summary 
  • remedy design and construction 
  • post-remedy monitoring 
  • references
  • photos 

Table A-1. Case study summary 

No.  Site Description  Location  COCs  Remedy Description  References 
1  Crude Oil Spill Site  Mayflower, Arkansas  Crude oil–related sheens  Excavation and backfilling, reactive capping, and in situ amendment placement  (Arcadis 2014a, 2014b, 2015, 2017) 
2  Former Portland Gas Manufacturing Site  Portland, Oregon  Oily or tar-like materials, PAHs, TPH, BTEX, cyanide, metals  Dredging, amended capping, enhanced natural recovery, and monitored natural recovery  (Anchor QEA 2019, 2020, 2021; Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 2017) 
3  Diamond Alkali Superfund Site, Lower 8.3 Miles of the Lower Passaic River  Essex and Hudson Counties, New Jersey  Dioxins/furans, PCBs, mercury, total(4,4′)DDx, copper, dieldrin, PAHs, lead  Determination of site-specific cap material, porewater and sediment-porewater partition coefficients  (Arcadis 2021; Arcadis and Tech 2020) 
4  East Branch Grand Calumet River  Calumet, Indiana  PAHs and metals  Dredging and reactive cap  (J.H. Hull et al. 2015) 
5  Zidell Waterfront Property  Portland, Oregon  PCBs, metals, PAHs  Cap over riverbank and sediment bed  (Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 2023) 
6  Linnton Terminal  Portland, Oregon  LNAPL  Multilayer cap  (Gentry et al. 2020) 
7  Manistique River and Harbor  Manistique, Michigan  PCBs  Removal and disposal and amended cover placement with activated carbon  (EA and Foth 2013), (Arcadis of Michigan 2018, 2020), (Riley 2021)

Acronyms and Abbreviations: 
BTEX = benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene 
COC = contaminant of concern 
LNAPL = light nonaqueous-phase liquid 
PAH = polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 
PCB = polychlorinated biphenyl 
TPH = total petroleum hydrocarbons 

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