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Sediment Cap Document

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1 Introduction
2 Capping Overview
2 Capping Overview
2.1 Objectives of Capping
2.2 Chemical Isolation Function
2.3 General Cap Types
2.4 Cap Layers and Composition
2.5 Chemical Isolation Design, Construction, and Monitoring Process
3 Performance Objectives and Design Concepts
3 Performance Objectives and Design Concepts
3.1 Chemical Isolation Performance Targets
3.2 Development of Chemical Isolation Design Criteria
3.3 Chemical Isolation Design Concepts
3.4 Site Characteristics for Chemical Isolation Design
3.5 Design Constraints and Optimization
3.6 Resilience and Sustainability Considerations
3.7 Coordination with Construction and Monitoring Approaches
4 Chemical Isolation Design Data Needs
5 Chemical Isolation Layer Modeling
5 Chemical Isolation Layer Modeling
5.1 Introduction to Modeling Approaches and Tools
5.2 Sediment Processes
5.3 Summary of Available Modeling Tools for Cap Chemical Isolation Design
5.4 Defining Modeling Objectives
5.5 Model Inputs
5.6 Sensitivity and Uncertainty
5.7 Post-Construction Audit
5.8 Model Documentation
6 Chemical Isolation Construction Considerations
6 Chemical Isolation Construction Considerations
6.1 Construction Specifications
6.2 Placement Methods
6.3 Amendment Dosing
6.4 Design and Construction Tolerances
6.5 Site-Specific Factors Affecting Construction
6.6 Construction Quality Control and Quality Assurance Measures
7 Monitoring and Maintenance Objectives and Approaches
7 Monitoring and Maintenance Objectives and Approaches
7.1 Monitoring Phases
7.2 Cap Monitoring Objectives
7.3 Data Quality Considerations
7.4 Cap Performance Monitoring Framework
7.5 Cap Maintenance
8 References
Appendix A. Case Studies
Appendix B. Amendments for Chemical Isolation Layer  
Appendix C.  Chemical Isolation Layer Modeling Data Needs and Collection Methods 
Appendix D. Construction-Related Community Impacts 
Appendix E. Glossary
Appendix F. Acronyms
Acknowledgments
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Sediment Cap Chemical Isolation Guidance
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Appendix F. Acronyms

ASTM ASTM International 
AOC area of concern
BAZ biologically active zone
BTEX benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
BUI beneficial use impairment
CIL chemical isolation layer
cm centimeter
Cpw COC concentration in the porewater at equilibrium
CS COC Concentration in sorbent at equilibrium
Csed COC concentration in the sediment at equilibrium
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
COC contaminant of concern
COPC contaminant of potential concern
CSM conceptual site model
cy cubic yard
DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DNAPL dense nonaqueous-phase liquid
DOC dissolved organic carbon
DQO date quality objective
DV Darcy velocity
EBGCR East Branch Grand Calumet River
ECOS Environmental Council of the States
EFDC Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code
EGLE Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy 
EPA Environmental Protection Agency, see also USEPA
ERIS Environmental Research Institute of the States
GAC granular activated carbon
GPS global positioning system
HMW high molecular weight
ITRC Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council
K hydraulic conductivity
Kd adsorption-desorption distribution coefficient
Kf Freundlich’s constant
KOC organic carbon-water partition coefficient
kg/m2/cm kilograms per square meter per centimeter
L/kg liters per kilogram
lb/cf pounds per cubic feet
LMW low molecular weight
LNAPL light nonaqueous-phase liquid 
LPR Lower Passaic River 
µg microgram
µg/kg micrograms per kilogram
mg/kg milligram per kilogram
µg/L micrograms per liter
MGP manufactured gas plant
mV millivolt
NAPL nonaqueous-phase liquid
NFIP National Flood Insurance Program
NOM natural organic matter
OBB oleophilic biobarrier
OU Operable Unit 
PAC powdered activated carbon
PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
PCB polychlorinated biphenyl
PFAS polyfluorinated alkyl substances
PGM Site Portland Gas Manufacturing Site
PM particulate matter
ppb parts per billion
QA quality assurance
QC quality control
QA/QC quality assurance and quality control
QoL quality of life
RAO remedial action objective
RCM Reactive Core Mat®
RTK real-time kinematic
RG remedial goal
ROD Record of Decision
SPI sediment profile imaging
SWAC surface area weighed average concentrations
TOC total organic carbon
TPH total petroleum hydrocarbons
UCL upper confidence limit
USACE United States Army Corp of Engineers
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
USGS United States Geological Survey
VHG vertical hydraulic gradient
VOC volatile organic compound
WASP Water Quality Analysis and Simulation Program
ZVI zero-valent iron
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